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| Index: navodila/fig/aerogel_rich.fig |
| =================================================================== |
| --- navodila/fig/aerogel_rich.fig (revision 68) |
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| -#FIG 3.2 |
| -Portrait |
| -Center |
| -Inches |
| -Letter |
| -100.00 |
| -Single |
| --2 |
| -1200 2 |
| -6 5925 4575 5925 4575 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 5925 4575 |
| --6 |
| -6 3000 5475 4425 6375 |
| -6 4425 5475 4425 5475 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 4425 5475 |
| --6 |
| -6 3075 6075 3825 6375 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3075 6075 3150 6075 3150 6375 3075 6375 3075 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3300 6075 3375 6075 3375 6375 3300 6375 3300 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3525 6075 3600 6075 3600 6375 3525 6375 3525 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3750 6075 3825 6075 3825 6375 3750 6375 3750 6075 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3000 5475 3975 5475 3975 6075 3000 6075 3000 5475 |
| -4 0 0 50 0 0 20 0.0000 4 195 600 3150 5925 PMT\001 |
| --6 |
| -6 6150 5475 7575 6375 |
| -6 7575 5475 7575 5475 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 7575 5475 |
| --6 |
| -6 6225 6075 6975 6375 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 6225 6075 6300 6075 6300 6375 6225 6375 6225 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 6450 6075 6525 6075 6525 6375 6450 6375 6450 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 6675 6075 6750 6075 6750 6375 6675 6375 6675 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 6900 6075 6975 6075 6975 6375 6900 6375 6900 6075 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 6150 5475 7125 5475 7125 6075 6150 6075 6150 5475 |
| -4 0 0 50 0 0 20 0.0000 4 195 600 6300 5925 PMT\001 |
| --6 |
| -6 7650 5475 9075 6375 |
| -6 9075 5475 9075 5475 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 9075 5475 |
| --6 |
| -6 7725 6075 8475 6375 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 7725 6075 7800 6075 7800 6375 7725 6375 7725 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 7950 6075 8025 6075 8025 6375 7950 6375 7950 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 8175 6075 8250 6075 8250 6375 8175 6375 8175 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 8400 6075 8475 6075 8475 6375 8400 6375 8400 6075 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 7650 5475 8625 5475 8625 6075 7650 6075 7650 5475 |
| -4 0 0 50 0 0 20 0.0000 4 195 600 7800 5925 PMT\001 |
| --6 |
| -6 4575 5475 6000 6375 |
| -6 6000 5475 6000 5475 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 6000 5475 |
| --6 |
| -6 4650 6075 5400 6375 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 4650 6075 4725 6075 4725 6375 4650 6375 4650 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 4875 6075 4950 6075 4950 6375 4875 6375 4875 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 5100 6075 5175 6075 5175 6375 5100 6375 5100 6075 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 5325 6075 5400 6075 5400 6375 5325 6375 5325 6075 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 4575 5475 5550 5475 5550 6075 4575 6075 4575 5475 |
| -4 0 0 50 0 0 20 0.0000 4 195 600 4725 5925 PMT\001 |
| --6 |
| -6 2325 -375 3225 1050 |
| -6 3225 1050 3225 1050 |
| -2 1 0 1 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 1 |
| - 3225 1050 |
| --6 |
| -6 2325 -300 2625 450 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2625 -300 2625 -225 2325 -225 2325 -300 2625 -300 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2625 -75 2625 0 2325 0 2325 -75 2625 -75 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2625 150 2625 225 2325 225 2325 150 2625 150 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2625 375 2625 450 2325 450 2325 375 2625 375 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3225 -375 3225 600 2625 600 2625 -375 3225 -375 |
| -4 0 0 50 0 0 20 4.7124 4 195 600 2775 -225 PMT\001 |
| --6 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2100 9975 9600 9975 9600 10800 2100 10800 2100 9975 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2100 11400 9600 11400 9600 12225 2100 12225 2100 11400 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3000 12225 8700 12225 8700 12825 3000 12825 3000 12225 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2100 12825 9600 12825 9600 13650 2100 13650 2100 12825 |
| -2 1 0 5 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 3 |
| - 5475 13650 5475 16125 8025 16125 |
| -2 2 0 3 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 8325 14100 10125 14100 10125 15600 8325 15600 8325 14100 |
| -2 4 0 3 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 9825 15300 8625 15300 8625 14400 9825 14400 9825 15300 |
| -2 2 0 3 -1 7 0 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 8025 15600 10425 15600 10425 16500 8025 16500 8025 15600 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 7725 10800 8625 10800 8625 11400 7725 11400 7725 10800 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 6150 10800 7050 10800 7050 11400 6150 11400 6150 10800 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 4575 10800 5475 10800 5475 11400 4575 11400 4575 10800 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 3000 10800 3900 10800 3900 11400 3000 11400 3000 10800 |
| -2 1 0 5 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 3 |
| - 600 75 -75 75 -75 9975 |
| -2 1 0 5 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 3 |
| - -75 11175 -75 11775 2100 11775 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - -750 9975 750 9975 750 11175 -750 11175 -750 9975 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 3 |
| - 2550 6450 9525 6450 2550 6450 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 9525 6450 2550 6450 2550 6375 9525 6375 9525 6450 |
| -2 1 1 3 0 7 50 0 -1 8.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 |
| - 5850 3825 6525 5475 |
| -2 1 1 3 0 7 50 0 -1 8.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 |
| - 6900 5475 5775 2925 |
| -2 1 1 3 0 7 50 0 -1 8.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 |
| - 5775 3300 5325 5475 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 4350 2925 7725 2925 7725 3375 4350 3375 4350 2925 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 4350 3450 7725 3450 7725 3900 4350 3900 4350 3450 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 3225 -225 8775 -225 8775 450 3225 450 3225 -225 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2325 -900 2250 -900 2250 1125 2325 1125 2325 -900 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 |
| - 2250 -675 600 -675 600 900 2250 900 2250 -675 |
| -2 1 0 2 0 7 40 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 |
| - 0 0 3.00 180.00 360.00 |
| - 5325 -2025 5658 1647 |
| -2 1 0 3 0 7 40 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 |
| - 0 0 3.00 180.00 360.00 |
| - 5325 -2100 6225 7800 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 3000 6450 3900 6450 3900 9975 3000 9975 3000 6450 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 4575 6450 5475 6450 5475 9975 4575 9975 4575 6450 |
| -2 2 0 1 0 0 50 0 3 0.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 |
| - 6150 6450 7050 6450 7050 9975 |
| \ No newline at end of file |
| Index: navodila/icfa-rich.tex |
| =================================================================== |
| --- navodila/icfa-rich.tex (revision 68) |
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| @@ -1,487 +0,0 @@ |
| -%\documentstyle[epsfig]{aipproc} |
| -\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article} |
| -%\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,twoside]{article} |
| -\textwidth 15. true cm \textheight 22.3 true cm |
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| - |
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| -%\SetWatermarkText{Lab copy} |
| -%\SetWatermarkLightness{0.5} |
| -%\SetWatermarkScale{4} |
| - |
| -\begin{document} |
| -\begin{sloppypar} |
| - |
| -\title{MEASUREMENT OF CHERENKOV RINGS WITH MULTIANODE PHOTOMULTIPLIERS} |
| -\author{S.Korpar$^{1,2}$, R.Pestotnik$^{2}$, P.Kri\v zan$^{3,2}$, |
| - A.Gori\v sek$^2$, A.Stanovnik$^{4,2}$ |
| -\\$^1${\it \small Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, |
| - University of Maribor, Slovenia} |
| -\\$^2${\it \small Jo\v zef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia} |
| -\\ $^3${\it \small Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, |
| - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia} |
| -\\ $^4${\it \small Faculty of Electrical Engineering, |
| - University of Ljubljana, Slovenia} } |
| - |
| -\maketitle |
| - |
| -%Contents: |
| -%1. Introduction |
| -%2. Position sensitive photomultipliers: Hamamatsu R5900-M16 and R5900-L16 |
| -%3. Experimental setu-up |
| -%4. Measurement |
| -%* HV plateau |
| -%* Threshold scan |
| -%* Cross-talk |
| -%* Diffraction pattern |
| - |
| -\section*{Abstract} |
| -The present paper describes a laboratory course to be held at the |
| -Danube School on Instrumentation in Elementary Particle \& Nuclear |
| -Physics in Novi Sad, Serbia. It is a continuation and upgrade of |
| -similar courses held in |
| -Bogota, Colombia in 2013, |
| -Bariloche, Argentina in 2010, |
| -Itacuru\c{c}a, Brasil in 2003 \cite{Icfa}, |
| -Istanbul in 1999 and 2002 and |
| -in Faure, South Africa in 2001. |
| -The main purpose of this exercise is to introduce the student to the |
| -Ring Imaging CHerenkov technique. The student will work with multianode |
| -photomultipliers (Hamamatsu, R5900-M16 and R5900-L16 PMT's), with which |
| -measurements requiring position sensitive detection of single photons |
| -will be performed. The first exercise is a measurement of the diffraction |
| -pattern by counting individual photons passing through a slit, and the |
| -second is a measurement of Cherenkov rings produced by cosmic muons in |
| -an aerogel radiator. |
| - |
| -\section{Introduction} |
| -Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), or photomultipliers (PMs) for short, are |
| -sensitive detectors of weak light signals capable of detecting even single |
| -photons \cite{Knoll,Leo}. The photomultiplier consists of an evacuated |
| -glass vessel containing a photocathode, from which incident photons may eject |
| -an electron, and a system of electrodes (dynodes) in which this photoelectron |
| -is multiplied to give a measurable electrical signal at the anode. The |
| -photocathode, the dynodes and the anode have leads through the glass to the |
| -outside of the vessel, enabling connections of high voltage and allowing the |
| -signals to be further processed by suitable electronics. The photomultiplier |
| -is thus plugged into a photomultiplier base, which consists of a resistor |
| -chain providing appropriate voltages for the dynodes and a |
| -load resistor, on which the signal appears. In some cases, potentiometers are |
| -provided for adjusting the voltage on the electrodes for focusing the |
| -photoelectrons to the first dynode and capacitors or Zener diodes to stabilize |
| -the voltage on the last dynodes in case of high rate and high gain operation |
| -(Fig.~\ref{fig1}). |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir fp.eps,width=8cm,angle=0.0}} |
| -\caption{Voltage divider.} |
| -\label{fig1} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -An important parameter of a photomultiplier is the quantum |
| -efficiency (QE), defined as the ratio of the number of photoelectrons ejected |
| -from the photocathode to the number of photons incident on the |
| -photomultiplier. Clearly, this parameter is a function of the energy (or |
| -wavelength) of the incident photons and is a product of the probability for |
| -the photoelectric effect and the probability for the electron to escape from |
| -the photocathode. The most common photocathode materials are |
| -semiconductors containing alkali elements. The quantum efficiency |
| -QE($\lambda$) is connected to the photocathode radiant sensitivity |
| -S($\lambda$), which is defined as the photocathode current divided by the |
| -incident photon power: |
| -$$S(\lambda ) = QE(\lambda ){e_0 \lambda \over h c}$$ |
| -The quantum efficiency is cut off on the low |
| -energy side by the vanishing probability for the |
| -photoelectron to escape into the vacuum and on the high energy |
| -side by photon absorption in the PM glass window. |
| - |
| -The photoelectrons ejected from |
| -the photocathode are focused to the first dynode, where they eject more |
| -electrons. The electron multiplication is given by the secondary emission |
| -factor, which depends on the incident electron energy as well as on the dynode |
| -material. |
| -Usually, there are several dynodes (10 to 12) leading to an overall |
| -amplification of about 10$^6$ to 10$^7$. |
| - |
| -In experimental physics, photomultipliers are most often used as detectors of |
| -scintillations, which charged particles, neutrons or gamma rays produce when |
| -depositing some or all of their energy in special scintillating materials. |
| -PMs may also be used as |
| -position sensitive detectors of single photons, especially for the Ring |
| -Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) counters in high energy physics experiments |
| -\cite{Debbe,Krizan,Arino,Akopov}. |
| - |
| -The present laboratory course will introduce two such photomultiplier |
| -tubes produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.; the R5900-M16 and the R5900-L16 |
| -multianode photomultipliers. |
| - |
| -\section{Position sensitive photomultipliers} |
| -The R5900 series M16 and L16 |
| -multianode photomultipliers are shown in |
| -Fig.~\ref{fig2}. The M16 is divided into 4 x 4 = 16 anode outputs, each |
| -covering a pad size of 4.5 x 4.5 mm$^2$. The |
| -L16 anode, on the other hand, is divided into 16 strips of 16 mm length and |
| -1 mm pitch. The exact dimensions of the photomultipliers and the locations |
| -of the electrode pin connectors are given in the data sheets \cite{Hama}. |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| - \centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir pmt2.eps,width=9cm}} |
| - \caption{Hamamatsu multianode photomultipliers (L16, M16, M16 from left |
| - to right).} |
| - \label{fig2} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -The quantum efficiency and the radiant sensitivity given by the |
| -manufacturer for L16 photomultipliers are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}. |
| -It seems that allowance has to be made for an additional |
| -efficiency factor due to less than perfect collection and transmission |
| -($\sim$»80\%) of the photoelectrons by the dynode system \cite{Krizan}. |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| - \centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir L16.eps,width=7.5cm}} |
| - \caption{Typical spectral response of L16 PMT \cite{Hama}.} |
| - \label{fig3} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -The dynode system in these multianode |
| -photomultipliers differs considerably from those in conventional |
| -photomultipliers. It consists of foils with specially shaped |
| -perforations or channels. On the walls of these channels, secondary emission |
| -takes place thus multiplying the number of electrons (Fig.~\ref{fig4}). With |
| -10-12 such dynode foils, gains above 10$^6$ are reached. The anode dark |
| -current is mainly below 200 nA \cite{Hama}. |
| -Attention must be paid not to exceed the maximum allowed voltage |
| -of 900~V for L16 and 1000~V for M16 PMT and the maximum allowed current of 0.01 mA \cite{Hama}. |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| - \centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir MCtype.eps,width=8cm}} |
| - \caption{Metal channel type PMT \cite{Hama-web}.} |
| - \label{fig4} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -Of special interest |
| -e.g. in Cherenkov ring imaging is the position resolution, which is mainly |
| -given by the anode pad size. The cross-talk to |
| -adjacent channels is small and the response |
| -across the photocathode surface seems to be uniform to the level of some 10\% |
| -\cite{Krizan,Hama}. |
| - |
| -For the M16 photomultipliers, measurements have been made |
| -of single photoelectron pulse height distributions showing a well resolved |
| -single electron peak corresponding to a plateau on the |
| -rate-versus-voltage curve \cite{Krizan}. Tests with rates of |
| -3 MHz/channel during 30 days \cite{Krizan} and two years of experience with the |
| -HERA-B photon detector \cite{Arino}, show that these photomultipliers operate |
| -smoothly even in otherwise hostile environments as are characteristic of the |
| -new high energy colliders. According to specifications \cite{Hama}, the pulse |
| -rise time is 0.8 ns with a transit time spread of 0.3 ns, so they could also |
| -be used for timing purposes. |
| - |
| -\section{Experimental set-up} |
| -The exercise is divided into three parts. The first consists of measuring the |
| -high voltage plateau and the position dependence of the M16 count rate |
| -for a pencil beam. The second part consists of measuring Cherenkov rings |
| -with an array of sixteen M16 PMTs. The third part of this |
| -exercise represents a measurement of a diffraction pattern by counting single |
| -photons with the L16 position-sensitive photomultiplier. |
| - |
| -\subsection{M16 - HV plateau and position dependence of the count rate} |
| -The experimental set-up for measuring the M16 |
| -photomultiplier is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig5}. Light from the LED source |
| -is collimated by two pinholes, |
| -defining an illuminated spot of about 0.5 mm diameter on the |
| -photocathode. |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir skica1.eps,height=7.5cm,angle=-90.0}} |
| -\caption{The experimental set-up for measuring the characteristics of M16 PMT.} |
| -\label{fig5} |
| -\end{figure} |
| -The photomultiplier is plugged into a PM base and both are |
| -enclosed in a light-tight box together with the light source and collimators. |
| -High voltage is provided by a HV power supply from which a cable leads to the |
| -PM base inside the light-tight box. Cables from four anode |
| -pads connect each signal first to an amplifier, then discriminator and |
| -finally to a scaler. The plate on which the PMT is fastened, may |
| -be displaced in a direction transverse to the light beam by means |
| -of a screw thread (1 mm/turn), which could be operated from the outside of |
| -the box. The height of the beam is set in order to be centered on one |
| -of the four rows with four pads. After observing the set-up the box |
| -is closed and the count rate at given threshold is recorded as a function |
| -of high voltage (see Fig.6). The voltage is then set on the plateau |
| -and count rates of the four pads are measured as a function of the PM |
| -position relative to the light spot (Fig.7). From the results of this |
| -measurement one may study the position resolution, the cross talk between |
| -adjacent pads, the uniformity of pad response and the response variation |
| -across a given pad, which reflects the structure of the dynode channels, |
| -as also seen in Fig.~\ref{fig2}. |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir M16hv.eps,width=11.5cm}} |
| -\caption{Plateau curves for 4 channels of the M16 PMT.} |
| -\label{fig6} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir M16pos.eps,width=11.5cm}} |
| -\caption{Count rate on 4 channels of the M16 PMT depending on the light |
| - spot position.} |
| -\label{fig7} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -\clearpage |
| - |
| -\subsection{Array of M16 PMT's - Cherenkov rings} |
| -When the velocity $v = \beta c$ of a charged particle in a medium exceeds |
| -the speed of light $c/n$ in that medium (c is the speed of light in vacuum |
| -and n is the refractive index of the medium), the particle emits light at an |
| -angle with respect to it's direction of motion. This Cherenkov angle |
| -is determined by the relation |
| -$$\cos \theta _{c} = {1 \over {\beta n}}$$ |
| -and the threshold velocity for emission of Cherenkov |
| -light is at $\beta _{th} = 1/n$. |
| - |
| -With a position sensitive detector of single photons, one may detect |
| -a Cherenkov ring image \cite{Nappi}, from which the Cherenkov angle and thus |
| -the particle velocity may be determined. As the particle momentum is |
| -measured by other components of a detector system, one may use the velocity |
| -measurement to calculate the particle mass. Thus, Cherenkov detectors are |
| -usually refered to as particle identification devices. Most large detector |
| -systems operating at the high energy accelerators and colliders, include such |
| -a Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH) \cite{Eingedi}. |
| -In the literature \cite{Nappi} we find |
| -that the number of detected photons is given by: |
| -$$N = N_0 \cdot L \cdot \sin ^2 \theta _{c}.$$ |
| -$N_0$ is a figure of merit of the particular Cherenkov detector, which depends |
| -mainly on the efficiency of photon detection and the loss of photons |
| -between emission and detection. $L$ is the length of the radiator and |
| -$\theta _{c}$ is the Cherenkov angle. |
| - |
| -In the present exercise, we shall measure the Cherenkov photons radiated by |
| -high energy muons in an aerogel radiator. |
| -The muons are produced by cosmic rays in the upper layers of |
| -the atmosphere so are mainly incident from above onto the apparatus shown |
| -in Fig.~\ref{fig11}. |
| -The muon first gives a trigger signal in a scintillation counter and then |
| -enters two, 2 cm thick aerogel layers (n$_1$ = 1.0485, n$_2$ = 1.0619), |
| -where a $\beta \simeq 1$ muon would radiate Cherenkov photons at |
| -$\theta _c$ = $\arccos$(1/n) = 305(343) mrad. The Cherenkov photons are |
| -refracted into air and are detected by the photon detector lying |
| -$\simeq$16 cm below the aerogel radiator entrance surface. |
| -The hits are distributed |
| -on the circumference of a ring of aproximately 5 cm radius |
| -(for $\beta \simeq 1$ particles). The radiator thickness leads to an |
| -uncertainty in the emission point, which translates into a $\approx$7~mm |
| -uncertainty in the hit position |
| -on the photon detector. This uncertainty and the shortage of readout |
| -channels resulted in four adjacent anode pads of the M16 PMT |
| -being connected into one $9 \times 9$ mm$^2$ pixel. |
| -The PMT array consists of sixteen M16 PMT's on a $30 \times 30$ mm$^2$ |
| -grid, so the geometrical acceptance of the photocathodes ($18 \times 18$ |
| -mm$^2$) is 36 \%. From this geometrical acceptance and the photocathode |
| -quantum efficiency ($\simeq 20\%$ over $\Delta$E $\simeq$ 1 eV), |
| -we estimate the figure of merit to be $N_0 \sim 15$ cm$^{-1}$. One may thus |
| -expect on average about 3 detected Cherenkov photons per full muon ring. |
| -As the number of photons is distributed statistically, |
| -a larger number (say 5 or 6) will be occasionally detected, allowing an |
| -estimate of the ring radius and thus the charged particle velocity. |
| - |
| -The PMT anode signals are led through a discriminator to a 64 channel |
| -multihit TDC unit (CAEN V673A) (Fig.~\ref{fig11}). The TDC is read out through |
| -the VME system into the computer (using WIENER PCI-VME interface), where |
| -appropriate algorithms reconstruct the hit maps displaying the Cherenkov ring |
| -images. |
| - |
| -In Fig.~\ref{fig11.a} six events with high number of Cherenkov photons reconstructed are shown. They were taken at the ICFA Instrumentation School in Istanbul in 2002. |
| - |
| - |
| -\vspace{1.0cm} |
| - |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir aerogel_rich.eps,width=11.0cm}} |
| -\caption{RICH counter for cosmic muons: the set-up.} |
| -\label{fig11} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir compilation1.eps,width=11.0cm}} |
| -\caption{Reconstructed hits on the photon detector as obtained with the setup in Fig.~\ref{fig11}. Six events with high number of hits were selected. The two red circles define the maximal and minimal rings which correspond to Cherenkov photons irradiated at the beginning and at the end of the aerogel radiator, correspondingly. 2x2 PMT channels were connected together in one readout channel, to simplify the readout electronics.} |
| -\label{fig11.a} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| - |
| -\clearpage |
| - |
| - |
| -\subsection{L16 - Diffraction pattern} |
| -The schematic diagram of this experimental set-up is shown in |
| -Fig.9. The light source is a light emitting diode |
| -(Fig.10). This light is passed through a slit of width D, on which |
| -diffraction occurs. The diffraction pattern is given by |
| -$$j(\vartheta ) = j_0 {\sin ^2 \alpha \over {\alpha}^2}$$ |
| -where $\alpha = {\pi D \sin \vartheta \over \lambda}$ |
| -and $\vartheta$ is the diffraction angle with respect to the beam direction. In |
| -terms of the distance x from the central maximum and the distance L between |
| -the slit and the photomultiplier, this angle is given by |
| -tg $\vartheta = x / L$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig9}). The first minimum in the |
| -diffraction pattern occurs at $\sin {\vartheta}_{min} = \lambda / D$. Assuming |
| -that the diffraction angle ${\vartheta}_{min}$ is small, the x-position of |
| -the minimum will be given by $x_{min}/L = \lambda / D$. In the present |
| -exercise one measures the position of the minimum and thus determines the slit |
| -width $D = \lambda \cdot L / x_{min}$. |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir skica2.eps,height=7.5cm,angle=-90.0}} |
| -\caption{The experimental set-up for measuring diffraction with the L16 PMT.} |
| -\label{fig8} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir spektri_mod.eps,height=6cm,angle=0.0}} |
| -\caption{Spectra of three different LED sources.} |
| -\label{fig8} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir skica3.eps,width=9.5cm}} |
| -\caption{Geometric parameters for the diffraction measurement.} |
| -\label{fig9} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -From the 16 anode strips, the signals are led through amplifiers into CAMAC |
| -discriminators and then to a 16 channel CAMAC scaler. The counting time is |
| -set by removing the veto pulse on the discriminator. This is performed via |
| -a CAMAC input/output register and a NIM timing unit. |
| -The register and the scaler are |
| -connected via CAMAC and GPIB to a personal computer, which runs a data acquisition |
| -programme and displays the diffraction histogram. |
| -With the 16 channels at 1 mm pitch only a 16 mm portion of the diffraction |
| -pattern could be measured simultaneously. |
| -In order to cover a broader range of diffraction angles, the photomultiplier may be displaced relative to the light beam by |
| -means of a screw thread (1mm/turn) operated from the outside of the |
| -light-tight box. |
| - |
| -A diffraction pattern is first demonstrated |
| -by using a light beam from a laser pointer and slits made |
| -from razor blades. |
| -The slits are then inserted onto the |
| -rails in front of the light emitting diode, the distance $L$ is measured and |
| -the box is closed. The high voltage on the PMT is set to approximately 800 V |
| -and the current through the LED is adjusted for an acceptable count rate. |
| -The diffraction pattern is then measured in |
| -at least two different positions of the PMT relative to the light beam |
| -and the results are appropriately connected. |
| -From the distribution (Fig.~\ref{fig10}), one determines the position of the |
| -first minimum and then calculates the slit width D from the above equation. |
| -At this point the student may be reminded of the analogy between |
| -this experiment and the measurement of nuclear sizes by the so called |
| -diffraction scattering. |
| - |
| -\begin{figure}[hbt] |
| -\centerline{\epsfig{file=\epsdir L16dif.eps,width=12cm}} |
| -\caption{Measured diffraction distribution.} |
| -\label{fig10} |
| -\end{figure} |
| - |
| -In this exercise, the pedagogical problem of wave-particle duality is |
| -stressed. With sufficiently low |
| -counting rate one may in principle simultaneously observe the |
| -count increment of individual channels and the appearance of the diffraction |
| -histogram (Fig.~\ref{fig10}). The individual hit is a manifestation of the |
| -particle nature of the photon, while the diffraction distribution speaks of |
| -its wave properties. |
| - |
| - |
| -\clearpage |
| - |
| -\section*{Acknowledgment} |
| -We are grateful to Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. for donating some of the |
| -multianode photomultipliers used in the present laboratory course. |
| - |
| - |
| -\begin{thebibliography}{99} |
| - |
| -%\section{Bibliography} |
| - |
| -%\begin{enumerate} |
| -\bibitem{Icfa} |
| -%\item |
| -S.Korpar, P.Kri\v zan, A.Gori\v sek, A.Stanovnik, |
| -Tests of a position sensitive photomultiplier and measurement of diffraction |
| -pattern by counting single photons,\\ |
| -ICFA'99 Instrumentation School, Istanbul, Turkey, AIP Conference Proceedings, |
| -Vol. 536, p. 340-348 |
| -\bibitem{Knoll} |
| -%\item |
| -G.F.Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley, 1989 |
| -\bibitem{Leo} |
| -%\item |
| -W.R.Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, |
| -Springer-Verlag, 1987 |
| -\bibitem{Debbe} |
| -%\item |
| -R. Debbe et al., In-beam tests of a Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector |
| -with a multianode photomultiplier read-out, |
| -Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. {\bf A362}(1995)253-260 |
| -\bibitem{Krizan} |
| -%\item |
| -P.Kri\v zan et al., Tests of a Multianode PMT for the HERA-B RICH,\\ |
| -Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. {\bf A394}(1997)27-34 |
| -\bibitem{Arino} |
| -%\item |
| -I.Arin\~ o et al., The HERA-B RICH, Nucl.Instr.Meth.Phys.Res.{\bf |
| -A453}(2000)289-295 |
| -\bibitem{Akopov} |
| -%\item |
| -N.Akopov et al., The HERMES dual radiator ring imaging Cherenkov |
| -detector, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. {\bf A479}(2002)511-530 |
| -\bibitem{Hama} |
| -%\item |
| -Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., |
| -Data Sheet of R5900-L16 and |
| -Data Sheet of R5900-M16 |
| - |
| -\bibitem{Hama-web} |
| -http://www.hpk.co.jp/hp2e/products/Etd/PDFfiles/PMThd6E.pdf |
| - |
| -\bibitem{Nappi} |
| -%\item |
| -E.Nappi, RICH detectors, |
| -ICFA'99 Instrumentation School, Istanbul, Turkey, AIP Conference Proceedings, |
| -Vol. 536, p. 60-86. |
| -\bibitem{Eingedi} |
| -%\item |
| -Advances in Cherenkov Light Imaging Techniques and Applications, |
| -eds. A.Breskin, R.Chechik, T.Ypsilantis, |
| -Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov |
| -Detectors (RICH98), Ein Gedi, Dead Sea, Israel, November 15 -20, 1998, |
| -Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. {\bf A433}(1999) |
| -%\end{enumerate} |
| - |
| -\end{thebibliography} |
| -\end{sloppypar} |
| -\end{document} |
| - |
| - |
| - |
| - |
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| -\def\fdg{\hbox{$.\!\!^\circ$}} |
| -\def\farcm{\hbox{$.\mkern-4mu^\prime$}} |
| -\def\farcs{\hbox{$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$}} |
| -\def\fp{\hbox{$.\!\!^{\scriptscriptstyle\rm p}$}} |
| -\def\micron{\hbox{$\mu$m}} |
| -%\let\la=\lesssim |
| -%\let\ga=\gtrsim |
| -\def\case#1#2{\hbox{$\frac{#1}{#2}$}} |
| -\def\sslantfrac#1#2{\hbox{$\,^#1\!/_#2$}} |
| -\def\onehalf{\sslantfrac{1}{2}} |
| -\def\onethird{\sslantfrac{1}{3}} |
| -\def\twothirds{\sslantfrac{2}{3}} |
| -\def\onequarter{\sslantfrac{1}{4}} |
| -\def\threequarters{\sslantfrac{3}{4}} |
| -\def\ubvr{\hbox{$U\!BV\!R$}} |
| -\def\ub{\hbox{$U\!-\!B$}} |
| -\def\bv{\hbox{$B\!-\!V$}} |
| -\def\vr{\hbox{$V\!-\!R$}} |
| -\def\ur{\hbox{$U\!-\!R$}} |
| -%%%% |
| -%%%% end of the AAS symbols block |
| - |
| -\if@amssymbols % |
| -\def\@tempa{% |
| -\let\gtrsim\undefined \let\lesssim\undefined |
| -\let\precsim\undefined \let\succsim\undefined |
| -\def\corresponds{\triangleq}% |
| -\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\input{amssym.def}\input{amssym.tex}}% |
| -%\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\input{hack.sty}}% |
| -{\input{amssymb.sty}% |
| -\let\Finv\undefined \newsymbol\Finv 2060 |
| -\let\Game\undefined \newsymbol\Game 2061 |
| -\let\Bbbk\undefined \newsymbol\Bbbk 207C |
| -\let\diagup\undefined \newsymbol\diagup 231E |
| -\let\diagdown\undefined \newsymbol\diagdown 231F |
| -}% |
| -} |
| -\else % |
| -\if@amsfonts % |
| -\def\@tempa{\@ifundefined{selectfont}{\input{amssym.def}\input{amssym.tex}}% |
| -{\input{amsfonts.sty}}} |
| -\else % |
| -\def\@tempa{% |
| -\def\corresponds{{\lower.2ex\hbox{=}}{\rm\kern-.72em^\triangle}} |
| -\let\triangleq\corresponds |
| -\def\gtrsim{\mathrel{\mathpalette\vereq>}} |
| -\def\lesssim{\mathrel{\mathpalette\vereq<}} |
| -\def\succsim{\succ\kern-.9em_\sim\kern.3em} |
| -\def\precsim{\prec\kern-1em_\sim\kern.3em} |
| -\def\vereq##1##2{\lower3pt\vbox{\baselineskip1.5pt \lineskip1.5pt |
| -\ialign{$\m@th##1\hfill####\hfil$\crcr##2\crcr\sim\crcr}}}% |
| -} |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\@tempa |
| - |
| -\def\tensor#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\leftrightarrow}{1.15}\mathord{\box2}} |
| -\def\overstar#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\ast}{1.15}\mathord{\box2}} |
| -\def\overdots#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\cdots}{1.0}\mathord{\box2}} |
| -\def\overcirc#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\circ}{1.2}\mathord{\box2}} |
| -\def\loarrow#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\leftarrow}{1.15}\mathord{\box2}} |
| -\def\roarrow#1{\protect\@ontopof{#1}{\rightarrow}{1.15}\mathord{\box2}} |
| - |
| -\def\@ontopof#1#2#3{% |
| -{\mathchoice |
| -{\@@ontopof{#1}{#2}{#3}\displaystyle\scriptstyle}% |
| -{\@@ontopof{#1}{#2}{#3}\textstyle\scriptstyle}% |
| -{\@@ontopof{#1}{#2}{#3}\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle}% |
| -{\@@ontopof{#1}{#2}{#3}\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle}% |
| -}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\@@ontopof#1#2#3#4#5{% |
| -\setbox0=\hbox{$#4#1$}% |
| -\setbox1=\hbox{$#5#2$}% |
| -\setbox2=\hbox{}\ht2=\ht0 \dp2=\dp0 % |
| -\ifdim\wd0>\wd1 % |
| -\setbox1=\hbox to\wd0{\hss\box1\hss}% |
| -\mathord{\rlap{\raise#3\ht0\box1}\box0}% |
| -\else % |
| -\setbox1=\hbox to.9\wd1{\hss\box1\hss}% |
| -\setbox0=\hbox to\wd1{\hss$#4\relax#1$\hss}% |
| -\mathord{\rlap{\copy0}\raise#3\ht0\box1}% |
| -\fi |
| -}% |
| -\def\lambdabar{\protect\@lambdabar} |
| -\def\@lambdabar{% |
| -\relax |
| -\bgroup |
| -\def\@tempc{\hbox{\raise.73\ht0 |
| -\hbox to0pt{\kern.25\wd0\vrule width.5\wd0 |
| -height.1pt depth.1pt\hss}\box0}}% |
| -\mathchoice{\setbox0\hbox{$\displaystyle\lambda$}\@tempc}% |
| -{\setbox0\hbox{$\textstyle\lambda$}\@tempc}% |
| -{\setbox0\hbox{$\scriptstyle\lambda$}\@tempc}% |
| -{\setbox0\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\lambda$}\@tempc}% |
| -\egroup |
| -} |
| -\relax |
| - |
| -\def\@chuckoptarg[#1]{} |
| - |
| -\let\slantfrac\frac |
| - |
| -\def\labelenumi{\theenumi.} |
| -\def\theenumi{\arabic{enumi}} |
| - |
| -\def\labelenumii{(\theenumii)} |
| -\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}} |
| -\def\p@enumii{\theenumi} |
| - |
| -\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.} |
| -\def\theenumiii{\roman{enumiii}} |
| -\def\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)} |
| - |
| -\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.} |
| -\def\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}} |
| -\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii} |
| - |
| -\def\labelitemi{$\m@th\bullet$} |
| -\def\labelitemii{\bf --} |
| -\def\labelitemiii{$\m@th\ast$} |
| -\def\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$} |
| - |
| -% VERSE |
| -% |
| -\def\verse{\let\\=\@centercr |
| - \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em\listparindent \itemindent |
| - \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item[]} |
| -\let\endverse\endlist |
| - |
| -% QUOTATION |
| -% Fills lines |
| -% Indents paragraph |
| -% |
| -\def\quotation{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em |
| - \itemindent\listparindent |
| - \rightmargin\leftmargin\parsep \z@ plus\p@}\item[]} |
| -\let\endquotation=\endlist |
| - |
| -% QUOTE -- same as quotation except no paragraph indentation, |
| -% |
| -\def\quote{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]} |
| -\let\endquote=\endlist |
| - |
| -% DESCRIPTION |
| -% |
| -% To change the formatting of the label, you must redefine |
| -% \descriptionlabel. |
| - |
| -\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep \bf #1 } |
| -\def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin |
| - \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} |
| - |
| -\let\enddescription\endlist |
| - |
| -\newdimen\descriptionmargin |
| -\descriptionmargin=3em |
| - |
| - |
| -\arraycolsep 5pt % |
| -\tabcolsep 6pt % |
| -\arrayrulewidth .4pt % |
| -\doublerulesep 2pt % |
| - |
| -\tabbingsep \labelsep % |
| - |
| -\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins |
| - |
| -\fboxsep = 3pt % |
| -\fboxrule = .4pt % |
| - |
| -\newcounter{part} |
| -\newcounter{section} |
| -\newcounter{subsection}[section] |
| -\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection] |
| -\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection] |
| -\newcounter{subparagraph}[paragraph] |
| - |
| -\def\thepart {\Roman{part}} % |
| -\def\thesection {\Roman{section}} |
| -\def\p@section {} |
| -\def\thesubsection {\Alph{subsection}} |
| -\def\p@subsection {\thesection\,} |
| -\def\thesubsubsection {\arabic{subsubsection}} |
| -\def\p@subsubsection {\thesection\,\thesubsection\,} |
| -\def\theparagraph {\alph{paragraph}} |
| -\def\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}} |
| - |
| -\newcount\@indentflag \global\@indentflag=1 % |
| -\newdimen\@eqtoeqnum \@eqtoeqnum=6pt % |
| -\def\@indentamount{% |
| -\ifcase\@indentflag 0pt\or\@centering\or0pt plus1fil\fi\relax |
| -} |
| -\def\FL{\global\@indentflag=0 } |
| -\def\FR{\global\@indentflag=2 } |
| - |
| -\newcounter{eqletter} \setcounter{eqletter}{0} |
| - |
| -\def\@eqnnum{\hbox{\reset@font\rm(\theequation)}} |
| -\let\make@eqnnum=\@eqnnum % |
| -\def\eqnum#1{\dec@eqnnum \global\def\make@eqnnum{\reset@font\rm(#1)}% |
| -\def\@currentlabel{#1}% |
| -} |
| -\def\inc@eqnnum{\addtocounter{equation}{1}} |
| -\def\dec@eqnnum{\addtocounter{equation}{-1}} |
| -\@definecounter{equation}% |
| -\def\theequation@prefix{} |
| - |
| -\def\theequation{\theequation@prefix\arabic{equation}}% |
| - |
| -\def\mathletters{% |
| -\inc@eqnnum \setcounter{eqletter}{0}% |
| -\edef\@currentlabel{\theequation}% |
| -\def\theequation{\theequation@prefix\arabic{equation}\alph{eqletter}}% |
| -\def\inc@eqnnum{\addtocounter{eqletter}{1}}% |
| -\def\dec@eqnnum{\addtocounter{eqletter}{-1}}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\let\endmathletters\relax |
| - |
| -\newbox\@testboxa |
| -\newbox\@testboxb |
| - |
| -\def\equation{\par\vskip-\lastskip\vskip\abovedisplayskip |
| -\inc@eqnnum\let\@currentlabel=\theequation |
| -\setbox\@testboxa=\hbox\bgroup\hskip\@totalleftmargin\hskip\@indentamount |
| -\hbox\bgroup$\displaystyle |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\endequation{$\egroup\hskip\@centering\egroup % |
| -\setbox\@testboxb=\hbox{\make@eqnnum}% |
| -\bgroup |
| -\@tempdima\wd\@testboxa \advance\@tempdima by\wd\@testboxb |
| -\ifcase\@indentflag |
| -\advance\@tempdima by\@eqtoeqnum |
| -\ifdim\@tempdima<\hsize % |
| -\def\@tempa{0}% |
| -\else |
| -\def\@tempa{1}% |
| -\fi |
| -\or |
| -\advance\@tempdima by2\@eqtoeqnum |
| -\ifdim\@tempdima<\hsize % |
| -\def\@tempa{0}% |
| -\else % |
| -\@tempdima\wd\@testboxa \advance\@tempdima by\wd\@testboxb |
| -\advance\@tempdima by\@eqtoeqnum |
| -\ifdim\@tempdima<\hsize % |
| -\def\@tempa{0}% |
| -\setbox\@testboxa\hbox{\hfill\box\@testboxa\kern\@eqtoeqnum}% |
| -\else |
| -\def\@tempa{1}% |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\or |
| -\advance\@tempdima by2\@eqtoeqnum |
| -\ifdim\@tempdima<\hsize % |
| -\def\@tempa{0}% |
| -\setbox\@testboxb=\hbox{\kern\@eqtoeqnum\make@eqnnum}% |
| -\else |
| -\def\@tempa{1}% |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\ifnum\@tempa=0 % |
| -\hbox to\hsize{\unhbox\@testboxa\box\@testboxb}% |
| -\else % |
| -\vbox{\hbox to\hsize{\unhbox\@testboxa}% |
| -\vskip6pt % |
| -\hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@testboxb}}% |
| -\fi |
| -\egroup |
| -\global\let\make@eqnnum\@eqnnum % |
| -\vskip\belowdisplayskip\noindent\global\@indentflag=1 \global\@ignoretrue |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\eqnarray{\par\vskip-\lastskip\vskip\abovedisplayskip |
| -\inc@eqnnum\let\@currentlabel=\theequation |
| -\global\@eqnswtrue\m@th |
| -\global\@eqcnt\z@ |
| -\tabskip\@totalleftmargin\advance\tabskip by\@indentamount\let\\\@eqncr |
| -\halign to\hsize\bgroup\hskip\@centering |
| -$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##{}}$&\global\@eqcnt\@ne |
| -\hfil${{}##{}}$\hfil |
| -&\global\@eqcnt\tw@ $\displaystyle\tabskip\z@{##}$\hfil |
| -\tabskip\@centering \if@eqnsw\phantom{\make@eqnnum\kern\@eqtoeqnum}\fi |
| -&\llap{##}\tabskip\z@\cr} |
| - |
| -\def\endeqnarray{% |
| -\@@eqncr\egroup |
| -\vskip\belowdisplayskip\noindent |
| -\dec@eqnnum\global\@indentflag=1 |
| -\global\let\make@eqnnum\@eqnnum % |
| -\global\@ignoretrue |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\nonumber{\global\@eqnswfalse |
| -\def\label##1{\@revmess{error}{\string\label{##1} used |
| -with \string\nonumber\space before (\theequation)}}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\@@eqncr{\let\@tempa\relax |
| -\ifcase\@eqcnt \def\@tempa{& & &}\or \def\@tempa{& &}% |
| -\else \def\@tempa{&}\fi |
| -\@tempa \if@eqnsw\make@eqnnum\inc@eqnnum\fi |
| -\global\@eqnswtrue\global\@eqcnt\z@\global\let\make@eqnnum=\@eqnnum\cr |
| -} |
| - |
| -\@namedef{eqnarray*}{\def\@eqncr{\nonumber\@seqncr}% |
| -\def\label##1{\@revmess{warning}{\string\label{##1} used |
| -in eqnarray* environment before (\theequation)}}% |
| -\eqnarray} |
| - |
| -\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} |
| -\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} |
| -\def\@dotsep{4.5} |
| -\setcounter{tocdepth}{3} |
| - |
| - |
| -\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}% |
| -\addvspace{1.0em plus\p@}% |
| -\@tempdima 3.0em % |
| -\begingroup |
| -\parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth |
| -\parfillskip -\@pnumwidth |
| -\bf % |
| -\leavevmode % |
| -\advance\leftskip\@tempdima % |
| -\hskip -\leftskip % |
| -#1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par |
| -\endgroup} |
| - |
| -\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.0em}{2.0em}} |
| -\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{5.0em}{1.5em}} |
| -\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{6.5em}{1.5em}} |
| -\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{8.0em}{1.5em}} |
| - |
| -\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}} |
| - |
| - |
| -% ****** Start of file prabib.sty (part of it) ****** |
| - |
| -\def\@bibitem#1{\item\if@filesw \immediate\write\@auxout |
| -{\string\bibcite{#1}{\the\value{\@listctr}}}\fi\ignorespaces} |
| - |
| -\newdimen\WidestRefLabelThusFar |
| - |
| -\global\WidestRefLabelThusFar\z@ |
| - |
| -\def\bibcite#1#2{\global\@namedef{b@#1}{#2}\@SetMaxRefLabel{#1}{#2}} |
| - |
| -\def\@SetMaxRefLabel#1#2{% |
| -{% |
| -\if\@ExpandsToRefNumber{#1}{#2}% |
| -\setbox0\hbox{\ifpreprintsty\@normalsize\else\small\fi |
| -\rm[\csname b@#1\endcsname]}% |
| -\else % |
| -\setbox0\hbox{\ifpreprintsty\@normalsize\else\small\fi |
| -$\scriptstyle\m@th{\csname b@#1\endcsname}$}% |
| -\fi |
| -\ifdim\wd0>\WidestRefLabelThusFar |
| -\global\WidestRefLabelThusFar=\wd0 |
| -\fi |
| -}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\@ExpandsToRefNumber #1#2{% |
| -TT\fi % |
| -\@ifundefined{b@#1}% |
| -{\@tempcntb=1 |
| -}% |
| -{\def\@tempb{#2}% |
| -\def\@tempa{\@temptokena=\bgroup}% |
| -\if0A { \else \fi % |
| -\afterassignment\@tempa |
| -\@tempcntb=0\@tempb}% |
| -}% |
| -\ifnum\@tempcntb>0 % |
| -}% |
| - |
| -\def\cite{\@ifnextchar[{\@tempswatrue\@citex}{\@tempswafalse\@citex[]}} |
| -\let\CITE\cite |
| -\let\onlinecite\cite |
| - |
| -\def\@citex[#1]#2{% |
| -\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi |
| -\leavevmode\unskip\ \@cite{\@collapse{#2}}{#1}} |
| - |
| -\def\@bylinecite{% |
| -\@ifnextchar[{\@tempswatrue\@CITEX}{\@tempswafalse\@CITEX[]}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\@CITEX[#1]#2{% |
| -\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi |
| -\leavevmode\unskip$^{\scriptstyle\@CITE{\@collapse{#2}}{#1}}$} |
| - |
| -\def\@cite#1#2{[{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}]} % |
| -\def\@CITE#1#2{{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}} % |
| - |
| -\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[\@BIBLABEL{#1}]\if@filesw |
| -{\def\protect##1{\string ##1\space}\immediate |
| -\write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces} |
| - |
| -\def\@biblabel#1{{[#1]}} % |
| -\def\@BIBLABEL#1{$^{#1}\m@th$} % |
| - |
| -\def\thebibliography#1{\references} |
| - |
| -\def\endthebibliography{\endreferences} |
| - |
| -\def\@collapse#1{% |
| -{% |
| -\let\@temp\relax |
| -\@tempcntb\@MM |
| -\def\@citea{}% |
| -\@for \@citeb:=#1\do{% |
| -\@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}% |
| -{\@temp\@citea{\bf ?}% |
| -\@tempcntb\@MM\let\@temp\relax |
| -\@warning{Citation `\@citeb ' on page \thepage\space undefined}% |
| -}% |
| -{\@tempcnta\@tempcntb \advance\@tempcnta\@ne |
| -\edef\MyTemp{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}% |
| -\def\@tempa{\@temptokena=\bgroup}% |
| -\if0A{\fi% |
| -\afterassignment\@tempa % |
| -\@tempcntb=0\MyTemp\relax}% |
| -\ifnum\@tempcntb=0\relax% |
| -\@tempcntb=\@MM |
| -\@citea\MyTemp |
| -\let\@temp = \relax |
| -\else % |
| -\edef\@tempd{\number\@tempcntb}% |
| -\ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb % |
| -\ifx\@temp\relax % |
| -\edef\@temp{\@citea\@tempd}% |
| -\else |
| -\edef\@temp{\hbox{--}\@tempd}% |
| -\fi |
| -\else % |
| -\@temp\@citea\@tempd |
| -\let\@temp\relax |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -}% |
| -\def\@citea{,}% |
| -}% |
| -\@temp % |
| -}% |
| -}% |
| -% |
| - |
| -%%%% |
| - |
| -\newif\if@restonecol |
| - |
| -\setcounter{topnumber}{2} |
| -\def\topfraction{.7} |
| -\def\textfraction{.2} |
| -\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} |
| -\def\bottomfraction{.7} |
| -\setcounter{totalnumber}{3} |
| -\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} |
| -\def\dbltopfraction{.7} |
| -\def\floatpagefraction{.5} |
| -\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.5} |
| - |
| - |
| -\newcounter{figure} |
| -\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure} |
| - |
| -\def\fps@figure{tbp} |
| -\def\ftype@figure{1} |
| -\def\ext@figure{lof} |
| -\def\fnum@figure{\figurename\penalty10000\hskip.3em plus .1em\relax\thefigure.} |
| -\if@floats |
| - % set \if@fig TRUE at the begining of a figure. 1/17/96 |
| -\def\figure{\@figtrue\let\@capwidth\columnwidth\@float{figure}} |
| -\let\endfigure\end@float |
| -\@namedef{figure*}{\figure}% |
| -\@namedef{endfigure*}{\endfigure}% |
| -\else |
| -\def\figure{% |
| -\let\@capwidth\columnwidth |
| -\vskip1pc |
| -\def\@captype{figure}% |
| -\interlinepenalty10000 % |
| -\@ifnextchar[{\@chuckoptarg}{}% |
| -}% |
| -\def\endfigure{\goodbreak\vskip1pc\@figfalse}%reset \if@fig to FALSE. 1/17/96. |
| -\@namedef{figure*}{\figure}% |
| -\@namedef{endfigure*}{\endfigure}% |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\ifx\c@table\undefined |
| -\newcounter{table} |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -{\catcode`\.=13 % |
| -\gdef.{\relax\egroup\def\@flag{1}\setbox1\hbox\bgroup}% |
| -}% |
| - |
| -\gdef\@widthforLT{\textwidth} |
| - |
| -\def\fps@table{tbp} |
| -\def\ftype@table{2} |
| -\def\ext@table{lot} |
| -\def\fnum@table{\tablename\penalty10000\hskip.3em plus .1em\relax\thetable.} |
| - |
| -\newdimen\treflabwidth |
| -\newdimen\tablenotetabwidth |
| -\newdimen\tablewidth |
| -\setbox0\hbox{m} |
| -\global\tablenotetabwidth\wd0 |
| - |
| -\newif\ifknewtblwidth \global\knewtblwidthfalse |
| -\def\comptblwd#1#2{% |
| -\expandafter\gdef\csname tref@#1\endcsname{#2}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\if@floats |
| -\def\table{% |
| -\advance\c@table by 1\relax% |
| -\expandafter\ifx\csname tref@\thetable\endcsname\relax% |
| -\knewtblwidthfalse% |
| -\else\knewtblwidthtrue\fi |
| -\ifknewtblwidth% |
| - \gdef\@capwidth{\expandafter\csname tref@\thetable\endcsname}% |
| - \gdef\@widthforLT{\expandafter\csname tref@\thetable\endcsname}% |
| -\else |
| -\gdef\@widthforLT{\textwidth}\relax |
| -\gdef\@capwidth{\textwidth}\relax% |
| -\fi |
| -\global\treflabwidth=\hsize % reflabwidth is a handy temp |
| -\global \advance\treflabwidth by-\@widthforLT |
| -\global \divide\treflabwidth by2 |
| -\def\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\global\tableontrue |
| -\bgroup\parindent=0pt |
| -\outertabtrue |
| -\setcounter{tablenote}{0}% |
| -\advance\c@table by -1% |
| -\@float{table}} |
| - |
| -\def\endtable{% |
| -\global\tableonfalse\global\outertabfalse |
| -{\let\protect\relax\footnotesize% |
| -\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\noexpand\comptblwd{\thetable}% |
| -{\the\tablewidth}}\fi% |
| -\leftskip \treflabwidth |
| -\rightskip\leftskip |
| -\@tablenotes\par}\xdef\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\end@float\egroup |
| -}% |
| -\@namedef{table*}{\table} |
| -\@namedef{endtable*}{\endtable} |
| -% |
| -\else % |
| -\def\table{% |
| -\let\@capwidth\columnwidth \def\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\iffirsttab |
| -\global\firsttabfalse |
| -\fi |
| -\vskip1pc |
| -\global\tableontrue |
| -\bgroup\parindent=0pt |
| -\outertabtrue |
| -\setcounter{tablenote}{0}% |
| -\def\@captype{table}% |
| -\@ifnextchar[{\@chuckoptarg}{}% |
| -}% |
| -\def\endtable{% |
| -\global\tableonfalse\global\outertabfalse |
| -{\let\protect\relax\small\vskip2pt\@tablenotes\par}\xdef\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\egroup |
| -\vskip1pc plus 1filll \penalty-200 \vskip0pt plus -1filll |
| -}% |
| -\@namedef{table*}{\table} |
| -\@namedef{endtable*}{\endtable} |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\@definecounter{tablenote} |
| -\def\thetablenote{\alph{tablenote}} |
| -\def\@tablenotes{} |
| - |
| -\def\@maketnmark{\leavevmode\hbox{$^{\reset@font\rm\@thetnmark}\m@th$}} |
| - |
| -\def\tablenote{\@ifnextchar[{\@xtablenote}{\stepcounter{tablenote}% |
| -\begingroup \def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup% |
| -\@tablenotemark\@tablenotetext}} |
| - |
| -\def\@xtablenote[#1]{\begingroup \c@tablenote #1\relax |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup |
| -\@tablenotemark\@tablenotetext} |
| - |
| -\long\def\@tablenotetext#1{% |
| -\bgroup |
| -\iftableon\else |
| -\@revmess{error}{tablenotes used outside a table environment,}% |
| -\typeout{\space\space\space\space\space THEY ARE ARE BEING LOST!}% |
| -\fi |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\edef\@tempa{\hangindent\tablenotetabwidth\hangafter0\noindent% |
| - \llap{\@maketnmark\hspace{0.2em}}}% |
| -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter |
| -\gdef |
| -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter |
| -\@tablenotes |
| -\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter |
| -{\expandafter\@tablenotes\expandafter\par\@tempa#1}% |
| -\egroup |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\tablenotemark{% |
| -\@ifnextchar[{\@xtablenotemark}{\stepcounter{tablenote}% |
| -\begingroup\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup |
| -\@tablenotemark}} |
| - |
| -\def\@xtablenotemark[#1]{\begingroup \c@tablenote #1\relax |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup \@tablenotemark} |
| - |
| -\def\@tablenotemark{\leavevmode\ifhmode |
| -\edef\@x@sf{\the\spacefactor}\fi \@maketnmark |
| -\ifhmode\spacefactor\@x@sf\fi\relax} |
| - |
| -\def\tablenotetext{\@ifnextchar [{\@xtablenotetext}% |
| -{\begingroup |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup |
| -\@tablenotetext}} |
| - |
| -\def\@xtablenotetext[#1]{\begingroup \c@tablenote #1\relax |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}% |
| -\xdef\@thetnmark{\thetablenote}\endgroup \@tablenotetext} |
| - |
| -%\let\tableline\hline |
| - |
| -\newdimen\@Ldec \newdimen\@Rdec |
| - |
| -\def\dec #1.#2 {\hbox to\@Ldec{\hss#1}\def\test{#2}% |
| -\ifx\test\empty\hbox to\@Rdec{\hfill}\else\hbox to\@Rdec{.#2\hss}\fi |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\setdec #1.#2 {\relax% |
| -\bgroup |
| -\setbox0\hbox{\kern1pt\relax#1}\setbox1\hbox{\kern1pt\relax#2}% |
| -\global\@Ldec\wd0\global\@Rdec\wd1% |
| -\egroup |
| -} |
| - |
| -\setdec 000.000 % |
| - |
| -\@temptokena={\relax\egroup |
| -\ifnum\@flag=1 |
| -\setbox0\hbox{\unhbox0.\unhbox1}% |
| -\fi |
| -\gdef\@flag{1}\setbox1\hbox\bgroup |
| -}% |
| -{\catcode`\.=13\let.\relax |
| -\xdef\@defdot{\def.{\the\@temptokena}} |
| -} |
| - |
| -\@temptokena={.} |
| -{\catcode`\.=13 |
| -\ifx.\undefined % |
| -\xdef.{\the\@temptokena} |
| -\fi |
| -} |
| - |
| -%\newif\ifactivatedots \global\activatedotsfalse |
| - |
| -\def\@activatedots{% |
| -\def\@startcenterdot{\begingroup |
| -\relax\gdef\@flag{0 } |
| -\catcode`\.=13\@defdot |
| -\setbox0\hbox\bgroup\ignorespaces}% |
| -\def\@endcenterdot{\unskip\egroup\catcode`\.=12 |
| -%\global\activatedotstrue |
| -\ifnum\@flag=0 % |
| -\box0 |
| -\else % |
| -\ifdim\wd0=0pt % |
| - .\box1 |
| -\else |
| -\ifdim\wd1=0pt % |
| -\setbox1=\hbox{\phantom{.\copy0}}\box0\box1 |
| -\else % |
| -\ifdim\wd0>\wd1 |
| -\setbox1\hbox to\wd0{\box1\hfil}% |
| -\else |
| -\setbox0\hbox to\wd1{\hfil\box0}% |
| -\fi |
| -\box0.\box1 |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\endgroup}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\let\tabbodyfont\footnotesize |
| -\def\squeezetable{\let\tabbodyfont\scriptsize} |
| - |
| -\def\tabular{\def\@halignto{} |
| -\@tabular}% |
| - |
| -\newbox\TableBox |
| -\def\@tabular{% |
| -\ifoutertab |
| -\gdef\mktblrule{\vskip-1pt\hrule height.7pt depth0pt% |
| - \expandafter\ifx\csname tref@\thetable\endcsname\relax width10pc% |
| - \else \relax \fi\vskip8pt} |
| -\tabbodyfont\noindent\leftskip\treflabwidth\relax\setbox\TableBox=\vbox\bgroup |
| -\else |
| -\leavevmode\hbox\bgroup$% |
| -\fi |
| -\let\@acol\@tabacol |
| -\let\@classz\@tabclassz |
| -\let\@classiv\@tabclassiv \let\\\@tabularcr |
| -\ifoutertab |
| -\mktblrule |
| -\expandafter\apstable@tabarray |
| -\else |
| -\expandafter\@tabarray |
| -\fi |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\endtabular{\crcr\egroup\egroup |
| -\ifoutertab |
| -\mktblrule |
| -\vskip-\lastskip\vskip4pt\nointerlineskip |
| -\else |
| -$% |
| -\fi \egroup\global\tablewidth\wd\TableBox\box\TableBox\par \nointerlineskip |
| -} |
| - |
| -\newif\ifoutertab |
| -\global\outertabfalse |
| - |
| -\def\apstable@tabarray{% |
| -\m@th\@ifnextchar[{\apstable@array}{\apstable@array[c]}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\apstable@array[#1]#2{\setbox\@arstrutbox=\hbox{\vrule |
| -height\arraystretch \ht\strutbox |
| -depth\arraystretch \dp\strutbox |
| -width\z@}\@mkpream{#2}\edef\@preamble{\halign\noexpand\@halignto |
| -\bgroup \tabskip\z@ \@arstrut |
| -%\bgroup \tabskip\z@ plus1fill \@arstrut |
| -\@preamble\tabskip\z@ |
| -%\@preamble\hskip-\tabcolsep \tabskip\z@ |
| -\cr}% |
| -\let\@startpbox\@@startpbox \let\@endpbox\@@endpbox% |
| -\bgroup\let\par\relax\outertabfalse% |
| -\let\@sharp##\let\protect\relax |
| -\@activatedots |
| -\lineskip\z@\baselineskip\z@\@preamble} |
| - |
| -\def\@array[#1]#2{\setbox\@arstrutbox=\hbox{\vrule |
| -height\arraystretch \ht\strutbox |
| -depth\arraystretch \dp\strutbox |
| -width\z@}\@mkpream{#2}\edef\@preamble{\halign\noexpand\@halignto |
| -\bgroup\tabskip\z@\@arstrut\@preamble |
| -\tabskip\z@\cr}% |
| -\let\@startpbox\@@startpbox \let\@endpbox\@@endpbox% |
| -\if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b\vbox \else \vcenter \fi\fi% |
| -\bgroup\let\par\relax% |
| -\let\@sharp##\let\protect\relax |
| -\@activatedots |
| -\lineskip\z@\baselineskip\z@\@preamble} |
| - |
| -\def\@arrayclassz{\ifcase \@lastchclass \@acolampacol \or \@ampacol \or |
| -\or \or \@addamp \or |
| -\@acolampacol \or \@firstampfalse \@acol \fi |
| -\edef\@preamble{\@preamble |
| -\ifcase \@chnum |
| -\hfil$\relax\@sharp$\hfil \or $\relax\@sharp$\hfil |
| -\or \hfil$\relax\@sharp$\or |
| -\hfil$\relax\@sharp$\hfil \fi}} |
| - |
| -\def\@tabclassz{\ifcase \@lastchclass\@acolampacol |
| -\or \@ampacol \or \or \or \@addamp \or \@acolampacol\or |
| -\@firstampfalse \new@tabacol \fi |
| -\edef\@preamble{\@preamble{% |
| -\ifcase \@chnum |
| -\hfil\ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip\hfil |
| -\or \ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip\hfil |
| -\or \hfil\hskip\z@ \ignorespaces\@sharp\unskip |
| -\or\hfil\@startcenterdot\@sharp\@endcenterdot\hfil |
| -\fi}}} |
| - |
| -\def\@tabclassiv{\@addtopreamble\@nextchar} |
| - |
| - |
| -\def\new@tabacol{\edef\@preamble{\@preamble \hskip0pt% |
| -}} |
| - |
| -\newif\iftableon |
| - |
| -\def\@mkpream#1{\@firstamptrue\@lastchclass6 |
| -\def\@preamble{}% |
| -\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}\let\@sharp\relax |
| -\let\@startpbox\relax\let\@endpbox\relax |
| -\let\@startcenterdot\relax \let\@endcenterdot\relax |
| -\@expast{#1}\expandafter\@tfor \expandafter |
| -\@nextchar \expandafter:\expandafter=\@tempa\do{\@testpach\@nextchar |
| -\ifcase \@chclass \@classz \or \@classi \or \@classii \or \@classiii |
| -\or \@classiv \or\@classv \fi% |
| -\iftableon\ifoutertab % |
| -\ifnum\@chclass=4 |
| -\@addtopreamble{\tabskip\z@}% |
| -\else |
| -\ifnum\@lastchclass=4 |
| -\@addtopreamble{\tabskip\z@ plus1fill}% |
| -\fi |
| -\fi |
| -\fi\fi |
| -\@lastchclass\@chclass}% |
| -\ifcase \@lastchclass \@acol |
| -\or \or \@preamerr \@ne\or \@preamerr \tw@\or \or \@acol \fi} |
| - |
| -\def\@testpach#1{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=\tw@ 4 \else |
| -\ifnum \@lastchclass=3 5 \else |
| -\z@ \if #1c\@chnum \z@ \else |
| -\if #1l\@chnum \@ne \else |
| -\if #1r\@chnum \tw@ \else |
| -\if #1d\@chnum 3 \else % |
| -\@chclass \if #1|\@ne \else |
| -\if #1@\tw@ \else |
| -\if #1p3 \else \z@ \@preamerr 0\fi |
| -\fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi % |
| -\fi} |
| - |
| - |
| -\def\@authoraddress{} \def\@title{} \def\@date{} \def\@preprint{} |
| -\def\and{\unskip, } |
| -% |
| -%\def\title#1{\gdef\@title{{\large\bf\centering\ignorespaces#1\vskip2.5pt}}} |
| -% |
| -%\def\date#1{\gdef\@date{{\small\rm\centering(\ignorespaces#1\unskip)\par}}} |
| -% |
| -% |
| -%\def\keywords#1{% |
| -%\@revmess{warning}{APS doesn't use keywords. I'll ignore them.}% |
| -%} |
| -% |
| -\mark{{}{}} % |
| - |
| -\if@twoside % |
| -\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\markboth |
| -\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}% |
| -\def\@evenhead{\rm \hfil \sl \leftmark}% |
| -\def\@oddhead{{\sl \rightmark}\hfil \rm}% |
| -\def\sectionmark##1{\markboth {\uppercase{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@ |
| -\thesection\hskip 1em\relax \fi ##1}}{}}% |
| -\def\subsectionmark##1{\markright {\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\@ne |
| -\thesubsection\hskip 1em\relax \fi ##1}}} |
| -\else % |
| -\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\markboth |
| -\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}% |
| -\def\@oddhead{{\sl \rightmark}\hfil \rm}% |
| -\def\sectionmark##1{\markright {\uppercase{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@ |
| -\thesection\hskip 1em\relax \fi ##1}}}} |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\def\ps@myheadings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo |
| -\def\@oddhead{{\sl\rightmark}\hfil \rm}% |
| -\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenhead{\rm \hfil\sl\leftmark}% |
| -\def\@evenfoot{}\def\sectionmark##1{}\def\subsectionmark##1{}} |
| - |
| -\def\today{\ifcase\month\or |
| -January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or |
| -July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi |
| -\space\number\day, \number\year} |
| - |
| -\ps@plain % |
| -\pagenumbering{arabic} % |
| -\if@twoside\else\raggedbottom\fi % |
| -\if@twocolumn % |
| -\typeout{********** The AIPCP style is not meant to work with the |
| - twocolumn option. ^^J quitting ...} |
| -\@@end |
| -\else |
| -\sloppy |
| -\onecolumn % |
| -\raggedbottom % |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\let\@tempa\relax |
| - |
| - |
| -\pagestyle{headings} |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% page-layout stuff |
| -% the next two lines are added on 9/1/95 --- HW |
| -\hoffset=0.6in |
| -\voffset=0.4in |
| - |
| -\headheight=14pt |
| -\headsep=25pt |
| -\topskip=10pt |
| -\textheight=51pc |
| -\footskip1.5pc |
| - |
| -\textwidth=422pt |
| -%\textwidth=33pc |
| -\oddsidemargin=-.4in |
| -\evensidemargin\oddsidemargin |
| - |
| -\flushbottom % we want to try for this as a default |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% footnote stuff |
| - |
| -\skip\footins 12pt plus 5pt minus 3pt |
| - |
| -\def\footnoterule{\kern-2pt\hrule width 2in\kern1.6pt\vspace*{4pt}} |
| -%\def\footnoterule{\kern-2pt\hrule width 2in\kern1.6pt} |
| - |
| -\def\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}}% |
| - |
| -\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 0pt\hsize\columnwidth\parskip0pt\relax |
| -\footnotesize\baselineskip12pt\def\strut{\vrule width0pt height0pt depth1.75pt\relax}% |
| -\mbox{$\m@th^{\@thefnmark)}$\hspace*{6pt}}#1} |
| -%$\m@th^{\@thefnmark)}$#1} |
| - |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -%% here we set 12/14 as .... |
| -% section stuff |
| - |
| -% iff a \section command is the first stuff after an abstract, |
| -% preemptively vskip back by heading's skip, so that first stuff |
| -% after abstract, whether text or heading, will be a constant distance. |
| -\def\section{\if@firststuff\vskip-18pt\hrule height0pt depth0pt\relax\fi |
| -% hrule above protects the preceding vskip from \@startsection, |
| -% which will try to undo it |
| -\@mainheadtrue \@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{19pt plus1ex minus |
| - .2ex}{12pt plus1ex minus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf\centering}} |
| -%%% .2ex}{12pt plus1ex minus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf\centering}} |
| -\def\subsection{\@mainheadfalse |
| -\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{19pt plus1ex minus |
| - .2ex}{12pt plus1ex minus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\bf\centering}} |
| -\def\subsubsection{\@mainheadfalse |
| -\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{19pt plus1ex minus |
| - .2ex}{12pt plus1ex minus.2ex}{\reset@font\large\it\centering}} |
| -\def\paragraph{\@mainheadfalse |
| -\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\parindent}{\z@}{-1ex}{\reset@font |
| -\large\it}} |
| -\def\subparagraph{\@mainheadfalse |
| -\@startsection{subparagraph}{4}{\parindent}{3.25ex plus1ex minus |
| - .2ex}{-1em}{\reset@font\large\bf}} |
| - |
| -%% redefine \@ssect and \@sect s.t. \section{#1} and \section*{#1} will set |
| -%% #1 in uppercase! |
| -\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax |
| - \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ |
| - \begingroup #4\@hangfrom{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M |
| - \if@mainhead\uppercase{#5}\else #5\fi\par}\endgroup |
| - \else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax #5}\fi |
| - \@xsect{#3}} |
| -\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth |
| - \let\@svsec\@empty\else |
| - \refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname\hskip 1em}\fi |
| - \@tempskipa #5\relax |
| - \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ |
| - \begingroup #6\relax |
| - \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M |
| - \if@mainhead\uppercase{#8}\else #8\fi\par}% |
| - \endgroup |
| - \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline |
| - {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else |
| - \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi |
| - #7}\else |
| - \def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\relax %% \relax added 2 May 90 |
| - \@svsec \if@mainhead\uppercase{#8}\else #8\fi |
| - \csname #1mark\endcsname |
| - {#7}\addcontentsline |
| - {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else |
| - \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi |
| - #7}}\fi |
| - \@xsect{#5}} |
| - |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% frontmatter stuff |
| - |
| -\def\title#1{\gdef\@title{{\par\vskip-10pt\LARGE\bf |
| -\baselineskip20pt\centering\ignorespaces#1\vskip6pt}}% |
| -\setcounter{part}{0} |
| -\setcounter{table}{0} |
| -\setcounter{figure}{0} |
| -\setcounter{equation}{0} |
| -\setcounter{section}{0} |
| -\setcounter{subsection}{0} |
| -\setcounter{subsubsection}{0} |
| -\setcounter{paragraph}{0} |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\author#1{\expandafter\def\expandafter\@authoraddress\expandafter |
| -{\@authoraddress % |
| -{\dimen0=-\prevdepth \advance\dimen0 by2\baselineskip |
| -\nointerlineskip \centering |
| -\vrule height\dimen0 width0pt\relax\ignorespaces\large\rm#1\par |
| -}% |
| -}% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\address#1{\expandafter\def\expandafter\@authoraddress\expandafter |
| -{\@authoraddress{\nointerlineskip\vskip2pc |
| - \footnotesize\it\centering\ignorespaces#1\par}}} |
| - |
| -\def\ps@aipbook{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo |
| -\def\@oddhead{}% |
| -%\def\@oddhead{% |
| -%\kern-.4pt \vrule height7.4pt depth0pt width.4pt |
| -%\vrule height7.4pt depth-7.0pt width7.4pt |
| -%\hfill |
| -%\vrule height7.4pt depth-7pt width7.4pt |
| -%\vrule height7.4pt depth0pt width.4pt \kern-.4pt |
| -%}% |
| -\def\@oddfoot{} |
| -\def\@evenhead{}\let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot} |
| -\def\@maketitle{% |
| -\vspace*{30pt} |
| -\@title |
| -\ifdim\prevdepth=-1000pt \prevdepth0pt\fi |
| -\@authoraddress |
| -\@date |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\maketitle{\par |
| -\begingroup |
| -\let\cite\@bylinecite |
| -\global\@topnum\z@ % |
| -\thispagestyle{aipbook} |
| -\@maketitle |
| -\@thanks |
| -\endgroup |
| -%\let\maketitle\relax \let\@maketitle\relax |
| -%\let\@thanks\relax \let\@authoraddress\relax \let\@title\relax |
| -%\let\@date\relax \let\thanks\relax |
| -\def\@thanks{}\def\@authoraddress{}\def\@title{}\def\@date{} |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\abstract{\par |
| -\bgroup |
| -\ifdim\prevdepth=-1000pt \prevdepth0pt\fi |
| -\hsize\columnwidth |
| -\leftskip=2em \rightskip\leftskip |
| -\dimen0=-\prevdepth \advance\dimen0 by2pc \nointerlineskip |
| -\noindent \vskip3\baselineskip |
| -\nointerlineskip |
| -\noindent\footnotesize{\bf Abstract.}\relax |
| -} |
| - |
| -\newif\if@firststuff |
| - |
| -\def\endabstract{\par |
| -\nointerlineskip \vskip0pt |
| -\noindent \par |
| -\egroup |
| -\vskip2\baselineskip |
| -% hrule below turns off interlineskip |
| -\hrule depth0pt width0pt |
| -\global\everypar{\global\@firststufffalse}\global\@firststufftrue |
| -} |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% running head stuff |
| -\def\righthead#1{\gdef\@oddhead{\reset@font\it\hfil \uppercase{#1}\hfil |
| - \llap{}}} |
| -\def\lefthead#1{\gdef\@evenhead{\reset@font\it\rlap{}\hfil |
| - \uppercase{#1}\hfil}} |
| - |
| -\global\@twosidetrue |
| -\gdef\@oddhead{\reset@font\it\hfil} |
| -\gdef\@evenhead{\reset@font\it\hfil} |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% ref stuff |
| - |
| -\def\@biblabel#1{{#1.}} % |
| - |
| -\def\@cite#1#2{[{#1\if@tempswa , #2\fi}]} % |
| - |
| -\def\acknowledgments{% |
| -\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENTS} |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\endacknowledgments{\relax} |
| - |
| -\def\references{% |
| -\section*{REFERENCES} |
| -\list{\@biblabel{\arabic{enumiv}}}% |
| -{\labelwidth\WidestRefLabelThusFar \labelsep1ex % |
| -\leftmargin\labelwidth % |
| -\advance\leftmargin\labelsep % |
| -\ifdim\baselinestretch pt>1 pt % |
| -\parsep 4pt\relax % |
| -\else % |
| -\parsep 0pt\relax % |
| -\fi |
| -\itemsep0pt % |
| -\usecounter{enumiv}% |
| -\let\p@enumiv\@empty |
| -\def\theenumiv{\arabic{enumiv}}% |
| -}% |
| -\bgroup |
| - \footnotesize |
| -\let\newblock\relax % |
| -\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 |
| -\sfcode`\.=1000\relax |
| -\ifpreprintsty\else\small\fi |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\endreferences{% |
| -\def\@noitemerr{\@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% |
| -\endlist \let\@SetMaxRefLabel\@gobble \egroup% |
| -} |
| - |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| -% table and figure stuff |
| -\def\figurename{FIGURE} |
| - |
| -\def\fnum@table{\tablename\penalty10000\hskip.3em plus .1em\relax\thetable.} |
| -\def\thetable{\arabic{table}} |
| - |
| -\def\fnum@figure{\figurename\penalty10000\hskip.3em plus .1em\relax\thefigure.} |
| -\def\thefigure{\arabic{figure}} |
| - |
| -\newif\if@fig % added on 1/17/96 to fix a bug with Figure caption. |
| - |
| - |
| -\def\hop#1\fi{\fi } |
| - |
| -\def\tableline{\noalign{\vskip-.5pt |
| -\hrule height.7pt depth0pt\vskip2pt}} |
| - |
| -%%\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% |
| -%%\vspace*{2pt} |
| -%%\setbox\@testboxa\hbox{\outertabfalse % |
| -%%\reset@font\footnotesize\rm |
| -%%{\bf#1}\penalty10000\hskip.5em plus.2em\ignorespaces#2} |
| -%%\leftskip\treflabwidth |
| -%%\setbox\@testboxb\vbox{\hsize\@capwidth\advance\hsize by\leftskip% |
| -%%\ifdim\wd\@testboxa>\@capwidth% |
| -%%%\small\baselineskip10pt% |
| -%%\parindent0pt% |
| -%%\unhbox\@testboxa\par% |
| -%%\else% |
| -%%\edef\ta{\@captype}\def\tb{figure}\ifx\ta\tb |
| -%% {\hsize\textwidth \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@testboxa\hfil}}% |
| -%% \else \unhbox\@testboxa \par% |
| -%% \fi% |
| -%%\fi |
| -%%\vskip2pt |
| -%%}% |
| -%%\box\@testboxb |
| -%%} % |
| -%% |
| - |
| -\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% |
| -\vspace*{2pt} |
| -\setbox\@testboxa\hbox{\outertabfalse % |
| -\reset@font\footnotesize\rm |
| -{\bf#1}\penalty10000\hskip.5em plus.2em\ignorespaces#2} |
| - % next line is added on 1/17/96 to fix a bug with Figure caption. |
| - % we ahve to reset treflabwidth to 0pt for Figures --- otherwise treflabwidth |
| - % takes the value from the previous table (IF THERE IS ONE) which is bad for |
| - % a figure. |
| - \if@fig \treflabwidth0pt \relax\fi |
| -\leftskip\treflabwidth |
| -\setbox\@testboxb\vbox{\hsize\@capwidth\advance\hsize by\leftskip% |
| -\ifdim\wd\@testboxa>\@capwidth% |
| -%\small\baselineskip10pt% |
| -\parindent0pt% |
| -\unhbox\@testboxa\par% |
| -\else% |
| - \if@fig |
| - {\hsize\textwidth \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@testboxa\hfil}}% |
| - \else \unhbox\@testboxa \par% |
| - \fi% |
| -\fi |
| -\vskip2pt |
| -}% |
| -\box\@testboxb |
| -} % |
| - |
| - |
| -\newif\ifknewlongtblwidth \global\knewlongtblwidthfalse |
| -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% longtable stuff %%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| - |
| -% initialize |
| -\if@longtable% if longtable is chosen, then input longtable.sty and ... |
| -\input longtable.sty |
| -\gdef\@widthforLT{\textwidth} |
| - |
| -\LTpre0pt |
| -\LTpost0pt |
| - |
| -%\newif\ifknewlongtblwidth \global\knewlongtblwidthfalse |
| - |
| -\def\aiptable{% |
| -\advance\c@LT@tables by 1\relax% |
| -\tabbodyfont |
| -\expandafter\ifx\csname LT@\number\c@LT@tables\endcsname\relax% |
| -\knewlongtblwidthfalse |
| -\else\knewlongtblwidthtrue\fi |
| - \par |
| - \vskip2pc plus2ex minus.4ex |
| -\def\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\let\tableline\hline |
| -\global\tableontrue |
| -\bgroup\parindent=0pt |
| -\outertabtrue |
| -\LTtbalewidth=0pt |
| -\csname LT@\number\c@LT@tables\endcsname% |
| -\setcounter{tablenote}{0}% |
| -\ifknewlongtblwidth |
| - \gdef\@widthforLT{\LTtbalewidth} |
| - \LTcapwidth\LTtbalewidth% |
| -\else |
| - \gdef\@widthforLT{\textwidth} |
| - \LTcapwidth\textwidth% |
| -\fi |
| -\advance\c@LT@tables by -1 |
| -} |
| - |
| -\def\endaiptable{% |
| -\global\tableonfalse\global\outertabfalse |
| -{\let\protect\relax\footnotesize\vskip-3pt% |
| -\treflabwidth=\hsize % reflabwidth is a handy temp |
| - \advance\treflabwidth by-\LTtbalewidth |
| - \divide\treflabwidth by2 |
| - \leftskip\treflabwidth |
| - \rightskip\leftskip |
| -\vskip-\lastskip\vskip4pt\nointerlineskip\parskip=0pt\noindent{\parskip=0pt% |
| -\@tablenotes\par}}\xdef\@tablenotes{}% |
| -\egroup |
| -\vskip1.4pc plus1ex minus.4ex\nointerlineskip% |
| -} |
| - |
| -\newdimen\treflabwidth |
| -\newdimen\LTtbalewidth |
| -\def\LT@def@row{\ifx\LT@save@row\end |
| - \xdef\LT@save@row{\omit\kern\the\wd\tw@}% |
| -\xdef\LT@save@width{\advance\LTtbalewidth by \the\wd\tw@}\else% |
| - \xdef\LT@save@row{\omit\kern\the\wd\tw@&\LT@save@row}% |
| - \xdef\LT@save@width{\advance\LTtbalewidth by \the\wd\tw@\LT@save@width}% |
| -\fi} |
| - |
| -\def\LT@make@row{% |
| - \global\expandafter\let\expandafter\LT@save@row |
| - \csname LT@\romannumeral\c@LT@tables\endcsname |
| - \global\expandafter\edef\expandafter\LT@save@width |
| - {\csname LT@\number\c@LT@tables\endcsname} |
| - \ifx\LT@save@row\relax\LT@blank@row\fi} |
| - |
| -\def\endlongtable{% |
| - \LT@echunk |
| - \LT@start |
| - \unvbox\z@ |
| - \LT@get@widths |
| - \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout |
| - {\gdef\string\LT@\romannumeral\c@LT@tables{\LT@save@row}}\fi |
| -\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout |
| - {\string\expandafter\gdef\string\csname\space LT@\number\c@LT@tables\string\endcsname{\LT@save@width}} |
| -\fi |
| - \LT@mcw@rn |
| - \ifx\LT@save@row\LT@@save@row\else |
| - \LT@warn{Column widths have changed\MessageBreak |
| - in table \thetable}\fi |
| - \endgraf\penalty -\LT@end@pen |
| - \endgroup |
| - \global\@mparbottom\z@ |
| - \pagegoal\vsize |
| - \endgraf\penalty\z@\addvspace\LTpost |
| - \ifvoid\footins\else\insert\footins{}\fi} |
| - |
| - |
| -%% caption for longtable |
| - |
| -\def\aftercapline{\noalign{\vskip-8pt}\hline\noalign{\vskip8pt}} |
| -\def\afterheadline{\noalign{\vskip1pt}\hline\noalign{\vskip3pt}} |
| - |
| -\def\LT@c@ption[#1]#2{% |
| - \LT@mkcaption{{\footnotesize{\bf\fnum@table\hskip.5em plus.2em\ignorespaces}{#2}}}% |
| - \def\@tempa{#1}\ifx\@tempa\empty\else |
| - {\let\\\space |
| - \addcontentsline{lot}{table}{\protect\numberline{\thetable}{#1}}}% |
| - \fi} |
| -\def\LT@@c@ption#1{% |
| - \LT@mkcaption{{\footnotesize{\bf\fnum@table\hskip.5em plus.2em\ignorespaces}{#1}}}% |
| - {\let\\\space |
| - \addcontentsline{lot}{table}{\protect\numberline{\thetable}{#1}}}} |
| - |
| -\def\LT@mkcaption#1{% |
| - \LT@mc{\LT@cols}{l}{\hbox to \z@{\parbox[t]{\LTcapwidth}{\footnotesize% |
| - \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#1}% |
| - \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize #1 |
| - \else \hbox to\hsize{\box\@tempboxa\hfil}\fi |
| - \endgraf\hbox{}}}}} |
| - |
| - |
| -\LTleft=0pt plus 1fill minus 1fill |
| -\LTright=0pt plus 1fill minus 1fill |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\endinput |
| - |
| -%% |
| Index: navodila/aipproc.cls |
| =================================================================== |
| --- navodila/aipproc.cls (revision 68) |
| +++ navodila/aipproc.cls (nonexistent) |
| @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ |
| - |
| - |
| -%%%% Start of file aipproc.cls %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| - |
| -\ifx\every@math@size\undefined\else |
| - \let\old@expast\@expast |
| - \def\@expast#1{\old@expast{#1}\let\@tempa\reserved@a} |
| -\fi |
| - |
| -\input{aipproc.sty} |
| -%%%% End of file aipproc.cls %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| - |
| - |
| - |